This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Thus, our platform is a powerful tool for studying human ectoderm patterning and for improving directed differentiation protocols. These insights allowed us to develop an improved protocol for placodal differentiation. Using this platform, we show that the duration of endogenous WNT signaling is a crucial control parameter, and that cells sense relative levels of BMP and WNT signaling in making fate decisions. Here, we develop an in vitro model of human ectodermal patterning, in which human embryonic stem cells self-organize to form robust and quantitatively reproducible patterns corresponding to the complete medial-lateral axis of the embryonic ectoderm. Further, the complexity of neural plate border specification has made it difficult to transition from discovering the genes involved to deeper mechanistic understanding. Research in model organisms has provided substantial insight into this process however, there are currently no systems in which to study ectodermal patterning in humans. During development, the ectoderm is patterned by a combination of BMP and WNT signaling.
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